Page 183 - The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand Vol.XIII-2021

The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
Volume X - 2020
a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows: Volume X - 2020
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand

a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
Volume XIII – 2021
Volume XII, 2020
(4 CLs : 2 Cs)
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
ข kh ข-ฃ kh The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows: Volume X - 2020
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
(20/21 CLs : 18 Cs) (21 CLs : 10 Cs) (21 CLs : 9 Cs) Volume X - 2020
• The paper should be submitted to the Editorial Board in three copies
ฃ *x

a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
and an electronic file as a text file (e.g. doc).
หง-ง ŋ
หง *ŋ  ค *g (4 CLs : 2 Cs) หง-ง ŋ
ค-ฅ *g
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)

• Figures should be numbered and stored in separate files with legends
ง ŋ same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
ข kh
ข-ฃ kh หง-ง ŋ
หง-ง ŋ
ฅ *ɣ หง *ŋ

included in the main text file. Volume X - 2020
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows:
ฃ *x ง ŋ

• Either English or American spelling can be used but should be

a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
หญ ñ ค *g หญ (4 CLs : 2 Cs)
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
ค-ฅ *g
หญ-ญ
consistent for the entire article. หญ-ญ *ñ*ñ
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
ญ *ñ ข kh ข-ฃ kh
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand

ฅ *ɣ ญ *ñ
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as Volume X - 2020
Article Structure follows:
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their
Each article should contain the following :

ฃ *x
a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the

หน-ณ-น n
หน *n
หน-ณ-น n
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
• Title
หน-ณ-น n
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
หน-ณ-น n
หน *n
ค *g
ค-ฅ *g
(4 CLs : 2 Cs)
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows: The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
• Short title for page headings
ณ-น *n
ข kh ณ-น *n

ข-ฃ kh
ฅ *ɣ
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows:
• Authors and their affiliations Volume X - 2020

b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

ฃ *x

• A concise abstract (not more than 300 words)eir sound changed to the
a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had th
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
หม-ม m
หม *
หม-ม m
หม-ม m
หม *m
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
(4 CLs : 2 Cs)
หม-ม m
ค-ฅ *g
ค *g
• Key words
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
ข-ฃ kh of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
same as that
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ม m
ข kh ม m
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows: Volume X - 2020
• Main text divided into sections e.g. Introduction, Materials and

ข-ฃ kh The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
ฅ *ɣ
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows:
ค-ฅ *g

Methods, Results and Conclusion
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

ฃ *x

a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
ฉ ch
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
sounds changed to ค *g g also changed in b) as follows: หญ-ญ-หย-อย-ย y
• References (of all articles cited in the text)
หย-อย-ย y
หย / อย *ˀy
หย-อย-ย y
 that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
ค-ฅ *g
The sound of ค, ฅ *
หย / อย * y (4 CLs : 4 Cs) (4 CLs : 2 Cs) หญ-ญ-หย-อย-ย y
• Table and Figure captions (numbered in sequence as they appear in
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ข-ฃ kh
ช-ฌ *ǰ of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
same as that
ย y
ย y
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows: The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
ฅ *ɣ

ข-ฃ kh
ข kh
Volume X - 2020
the text)
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows:
ค-ฅ *g
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

ฃ *x
Abstract a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the

ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฐ-ถ th
ฉ ch
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
หร *r
หร-ร r
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
หร-ร r
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows: , ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
หร-ร r
ค-ฅ *g
ค *g
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh หร-ร r
The abstract should be concise and informative, not more than 300 words.
หร *r same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
(4 CLs : 2 Cs)
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ช-ฌ *ǰ
ข-ฃ kh
ร r
ร r

resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:
It should not only indicate the general scope of the article but also state the main
ข kh
ข-ฃ kh
ฅ *ɣ
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows:
ค-ฅ *g

results and conclusions.
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

19
Anant Laulertvorakul ฐ-ถ th ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฃ *x
ฉ ch
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
หล-ล-ฬ l
หล *l
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch หล-ล-ฬ l
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
หล-ล-ฬ l
หล *l
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
ค-ฅ *g
Ethical Guidelines ค *g (4 CLs : 2 Cs) หล-ล-ฬ l
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ข-ฃ kh ล-ฬ l
ช-ฌ *ǰ
Experimental investigation papers must state in the Materials and
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:
ข kh
ข-ฃ kh
ล-ฬ l

ฅ *ɣ
ค-ฅ *g

Methods section that

ฃ *x
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their
19

1) informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and from
Anant Laulertvorakul ฐ-ถ th หว * (22 CLs : 6 Cs) หว-ว w
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch หว-ว w
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
ฉ ch
ค-ฅ *g
ค *g
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
หว-ว w
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
หว *w หว-ว w

parents or legal guardians of minors, including the name of the appropriate
ข-ฃ kh
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d ว w

ช-ฌ *ǰ
ฅ *ɣ
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:
ว w
institutional review board having approved the project;

ค-ฅ *g

2) the maintenance and care of experimental animals comply with the

The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand 19
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their
Volume X - 2020
Anant Laulertvorakul
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
ฉ ch
ฐ-ถ th
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
Thai National Institute of Health Guidelines for the humane use of laboratory
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
Volume X - 2020
21
Anant Laulertvorakul
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
ด d
ด *ˀd
ด d
ด d
ด d
ด * d

ช-ฌ *ǰ ธ *d
ฑ-ฒ-ท-
animals or the equivalent country authority or agency;
ข-ฃ kh
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh

ด d
ด d
ด *ˀd
บ b

บ b
บ * b บ *ˀb
3) approval is obtained from the relevant ethical committee.
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows: บ b บ b

ค-ฅ *g
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

19
Anant Laulertvorakul บ *ˀb บ b บ b
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฐ-ถ th
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
ฉ ch
(22 CLs : 12 Cs) voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
sounds changed to that of the (22 CLs : 6 Cs)
The same case as b) applies to หง, หญ, หน, หม, หย, หร, หล, หว which are classified as

ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
ช-ฌ *ǰ
ข-ฃ kh
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:
The same case as b) applies to หง, หญ, หน, หม, หย, หร, หล, หว which are classified as
High Class-2 consonant letters and ง, ญ, น, ม, ย, ร, ล, ว which are Low Class-2, while อย, ฎ-

ค-ฅ *g

High Class-2 consonant letters and ง, ญ, น, ม, ย, ร, ล, ว which are Low Class-2, while อย, ฎ-
ด, บ are Mid Class.
19
Anant Laulertvorakul
173
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
Anant Laulertvorakul ฐ-ถ th
ด, บ are Mid Class. ฉ ch ฉ-ช-ฌ ch 191
Consonants หย and อย are erely a variation of *ˀy (Suwattee and Kullavanijaya,
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ข-ฃ kh
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
ช-ฌ *ǰ
Consonants หย and อย are erely a variation of *ˀy (Suwattee and Kullavanijaya,
1976: 222). In modern Thai หย is classified as High Class while อย is Mid-Class.
ค-ฅ *g

1976: 222). In modern Thai หย is classified as High Class while อย is Mid-Class.
_21-0619(189-196)END.indd 191 5/1/2565 BE 09:05
It is important to understand that ฎ-ด representing d and บ, representing b, d and b
19
Anant Laulertvorakul ฐ-ถ th ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
ฉ ch
It is important to understand that ฎ-ด representing d and บ, representing b, d and b
are new sounds because in ancient Thai language *d was written with ท and *b with พ.
ช-ฌ *ǰ
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
are new sounds because in ancient Thai language *d was written with ท and *b with พ.
In addition, ฎ was created to achieve similarities for ฎ-ฏ to that of ด-ต and ฮ was

In addition, ฎ was created to achieve similarities for ฎ-ฏ to that of ด-ต and ฮ was
created for ห in High class to have symmetry with ฮ in Low Class.
Anant Laulertvorakul ฐ-ถ th
19
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
created for ห in High class to have symmetry with ฮ in Low Class.
At this point if we are to count all the consonants the total number would be 21.
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
It is worth noting that in language evolution, sounds are easily changed while
At this point if we are to count all the consonants the total number would be 21.
It is worth noting that in language evolution, sounds are easily changed while
changing letters is difficult and, as such, consonants were changed by reducing from 38
Anant Laulertvorakul
19
sounds in ancient Thai to 21 sounds in modern day Thai but the written forms are still 53
changing letters is difficult and, as such, consonants were changed by reducing from 38
sounds in ancient Thai to 21 sounds in modern day Thai but the written forms are still 53
in number consisting of:
ก-ฮ
in number consisting of: 44 forms
ก-ฮ 44 forms
หง, หญ, หน, หม, หย, หร, หล, หว
8 forms
หง, หญ, หน, หม, หย, หร, หล, หว 8 forms
1 form
อย
อย 1 form
6. Consonant letter used as Final Consonant
6. Consonant letter used as Final Consonant

22 The Thai Writing System: Reasons behind Its System
22 The Thai Writing System: Reasons behind Its System