Page 182 - The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand Vol.XIII-2021

The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
Volume X - 2020
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows: Volume X - 2020
a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand (4 CLs : 2 Cs)
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
Volume XIII – 2021 The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
ข kh
ข-ฃ kh
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows: Volume X - 2020
ฃ *x

a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
ฐ-ถ th ค *g (4 CLs : 2 Cs)
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ค-ฅ *g
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d ข-ฃ kh The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
ข kh
ฅ *ɣ
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows: Volume X - 2020
ฃ *x

a) Velar fricative consonants such as ฃ *x and ฅ *ɣ had their sound changed to the
ค-ฅ *g
ค *g
ผ
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:

*ph (4 CLs : 4 Cs)
ผ-พ-ภ ph
(4 CLs : 2 Cs)
same as that of velar aspirated stop consonants ข kh and ค *g respectively,
พ-ภ *b ข kh ข-ฃ kh
ฅ *ɣ
resulting in a reduced number of consonants as follows:
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

ฃ *x

The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
ฝ-ฟ f
ฝ f
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)

ค *g
ค-ฅ *g
(4 CLs : 4 Cs)
(4 CLs : 2 Cs)

resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:
ฟ *v
ข-ฃ kh
ฅ *ɣ
ข kh
b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

ฃ *x
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
ศ-ษ-ส s
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)

ค-ฅ *g
ค *g
ศ-ษ-ส-ซ s
ข-ฃ kh
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ซ *z
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:

ฅ *ɣ
ค-ฅ *g

b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their

(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
ฉ ch
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
The sound of ค, ฅ *g also changed in b) as follows:
ข-ฃ kh
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
Even though ข-ฃ and ค-ฅ, ฉ and ช-ฌ, ฐ-ถ and ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ, ผ and พ-ภ, ฝ and ฟ,
ช-ฌ *ǰ
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:

and ศ-ษ-ส and ซ all had their sounds changed to the same consonant, they are all
ค-ฅ *g

b) Voiced consonants (ค-ฅ *g, ช-ฌ *ǰ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d, พ-ภ *b, ฟ *v, ซ *z) had their
classified in different groups, having ข-ฃ, ฉ, ฐ-ถ, ผ, ฝ, ศ-ษ-ส in High Class-1 and ค-ฅ,
ฉ ch
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
ฐ-ถ th
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
(22 CLs : 12 Cs)
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
sounds changed to that of the voiceless consonants (ข-ฃ kh, ฉ ch, ฐ-ถ th, ผ ph, ฝ ph, ศ-ษ-ส s)
ช-ฌ, ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ, พ-ภ, ฟ, ซ in Low Class-1 (refer to tables 3 and 5). The different group
ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ช-ฌ *ǰ
ข-ฃ kh
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
resulting in a reduction of consonant as follows:
of consonant letters reflects different sounds in ancient Thai.
ค-ฅ *g

19
Anant Laulertvorakul ฐ-ถ th ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฉ ch
(22 CLs : 12 Cs) ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
(22 CLs : 6 Cs)
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
c) Voiceless consonants such as หง *ŋ, หญ *ñ, หน *n, หม *m ,หย/อย * y, หร



ข-ฃ-ค-ฅ kh
ข-ฃ kh
ช-ฌ *ǰ

*r, หล *l, หว *w all had their sound changed to that of voiced consonants
ค-ฅ *g

Anant Laulertvorakul
19
ง ŋ, ญ *ñ, ณ-น n, ม m, ย y, ร r, ล-ฬ l, ว w, respectively. All, including ฎ-ด * d and

ฐ-ถ th
ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฉ ch
ฉ-ช-ฌ ch
บ * b had their sound changed to d and b respectively. Apart from these changes,

ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
ช-ฌ *ǰ
recently ญ *ñ also had its sound changed to one similar to หย-อย-ย y. All these

changes resulted in reduced numbers of consonants as follows:
Anant Laulertvorakul
19
ฐ-ถ th ฐ-ถ-ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ th
ฑ-ฒ-ท-ธ *d
Anant Laulertvorakul 19
172 The Thai Writing System: Reasons behind Its System