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The International Journal of the Royal Society of Thailand
Volume XI - 2019

the bacterium gets near. The clearance process can even be speed-up through a
patient’s body with targeted ultrasounds. Nanorobots can potentially be used in
place of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the fight against the rise of antibiotic-

resistant diseases. Also, potential uses for nanorobots in medicine include targeted
drug-delivery for cancer, biomedical instrumentation, surgery, pharmacokinetics,
monitoring of diabetes, and health-care.

Micro/nanorobots have been used to deliver stem cells to a damaged
location for tissue restoration. These applications demonstrate that micro/
nanorobots could serve as platforms for regenerative medicine and cell-based
therapy, especially useful in the later stages of life, when organs and systems
start to fail. Moreover, other applications to be developed include using helical
structure to guide a sperm toward an egg for assisted fertilization. It is conceivable
that micro/nanorobotics will soon play a prominent role in medicine.

AI in Digital Health

Artificial intelligence refers to the study of how to make a computer,
a digital device, look intelligent from a human perspective. Before discussing
the concept and how AI solves problems in digital health and precision medicine
in general, it is necessary to dissect the hardware of a computer to see exactly
what is inside the machine to make it possible for it to look intelligent. The
hardware components consist of three basic logic gates: the AND gate, OR gate,
and NOT gate. These gates involve the implementation of the Boolean logic
concept. For the 2-input AND gate, suppose these inputs are named a and b and
their values can be only true (T) or false (F). For the AND gate, the output of the
AND gate is true if the following conditions apply: a = T, b = T. Otherwise,
the output of the AND gate is false. For the OR gate, the output of the OR gate

is true if the following conditions apply: (1) a = T, b = F; (2) a = F, b= T; (3) a =
T, b = T. Otherwise, the output of the OR gate is false. For the NOT gate, there
is only one input and output. If the input is true, then the output is false. If the
input is false, then the output is true.
From the operations of the AND, OR, and NOT gates, it is obvious that a
computer classifies the inputs data into two classes, either class true or class false.

For the example of the AND gate, class true has one input datum of (a = T, b = T)
and class false has three input data of (a = T, b = F); (a = F, b = T); (a = F, b = F).
Based on this observation, any problems in digital health and precision medicine

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