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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Volume III - 2011 157 Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Arjen Dondorp Figure 2. A fresco art work in Rome depicting the 1 st use of quinine to treat malaria in the 1630s. The Countess of Chincho ´ n , the wife of the Spanish Viceroy to Peru, is receiving a drink made from the bark of a tropical tree traditionally used by the native inhabitants to cure malaria. The peruvian Indian is holding some of the bark in his hand. (Rome, Ospedale di Santo Spirito) Figure 3. Quinine was also used as the main ingredient in several early tonic drinks (left) and was included in army medical kits during the War (right). (http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm) 150-159_mac9 5/9/12, 11:22 PM 157