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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Vol. 27 No. 3 Jul.-Sept. 2002 ≈“¬Õ™ §Õ™ÿ ∏ π— °™“µ‘ π‘ ¬¡Œ— ß°“√’ °— ∫°“√µà յ⠓π√“™«ß»å Œ— ∫ ∫Ÿ √å ° ˆÙ¯ Abstract Lajos Kossuth, the Hungarian Nationalist and the Struggle against the Habsburgs’ Rule Anantjai Lauhabandhu Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University, Thailand The article is concerned with the struggle of Hungary against the Habsburgs’ rule. Their rela- tionship started in the late Middle Ages. The Habsburgs were unable to establish their absolute authority in Hungary until the reign of Emperor Leopold I (1658-1705) of the Holy Roman Empire. At the same time, the House of Habsburg was granted the hereditary right to rule while the Hungar- ian magnates gave up their rights in the Golden Bull of 1222 to prevent any succession to the throne and all illegal acts of the king. Later, the Habsburg Emperer wielded absolute power in ruling the country, which resulted in resistance among the intelligentsia and the young generation. When the Revolutions of 1848 erupted, Lajos Kossuth took the opporfunity to demand independence for Hungary. The situation led to the struggle between the Magyars and the Imperial forces. Kossuth was forced to seek asylum. In spite of the Compromise of 1867, Kossuth continued his fight for full independence and refused to bow down to the Habsburg Emperor. The struggle became an ideal for Hungarian nationalists in every age and era. Keywords : Habsburgs, Lajos Kossuth, revolution ‡Õ° “√Õâ “ßÕ‘ ß Ò. Hal á sz Z. A short history of Hun- gary. Hungary: Carvina Press; 1975. p. 60(a), 119-22(b). Ú. Barta I, et al. A history of Hungary. In: Pamlenyi E, editor. Hungary: Corvina Press; 1973. p. 169. Û. Levy MF, trans. revised. A brief his- tory of Hungary. 4th ed, Hungary: Corvina Press; 1973. p. 26(a), 32(b). Ù. Sugar PF. A history of Hungary. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana Univ Press; 1994. p. 156-9. ı. De á k I. The lawful revolution : Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians 1848- 1849. London: Phoenix Press; 2001. p. 29-31(a), 66-68(b), 249-52(c), 350 (d). ˆ. Craig A. Europe 1815-1914. Lon- don: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.; 1966. p. 135-6. ˜. Moln á r M. A concise history of Hungary. Translated by Magyar A. U.K.: Cambridge Univ Press; 2001. p. 186(a), 189(b). ¯. Sugar PE. A history of Hungary. p. 231-4. ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√‡√’ ¬∫‡√’ ¬ß (‡æ‘ Ë ¡‡µ‘ ¡) Ò. “√“πÿ °√¡ª√–«— µ‘ »“ µ√å ¡— ¬„À¡à : ¬ÿ ‚√ª ‡≈à ¡ Ò Õ— °…√ A-B. æ‘ ¡æå §√—È ß∑’Ë Ú. °√ÿ ߇∑æœ: √“™∫— ≥±‘ µ¬ ∂“π; ÚıÙÚ. Ú. “√“πÿ °√¡ª√–«— µ‘ »“ µ√å ¡— ¬„À¡à : ¬ÿ ‚√ª‡≈à ¡ Ú Õ— °…√ C-D. æ‘ ¡æå §√—È ß∑’Ë Ú. °√ÿ ߇∑æ œ: √“™∫— ≥±‘ µ¬ ∂“π; ÚıÙÙ. Û. “√“πÿ °√¡ª√–«— µ‘ »“ µ√å ¡— ¬„À¡à : ¬ÿ ‚√ª‡≈à ¡ Û Õ— °…√ E-G. °√ÿ ߇∑æœ: √“™∫— ≥±‘ µ¬ ∂“π; ÚıÙÛ. Ù. Stuart M. Mastering modern Euro- pean history. 2nd ed. Hong Kong: Macmillan Press; 1997.