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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Vol. 30 No. 1 Jan.-Mar. 2005 140 “√— µ∂– ∂“ªí µ¬°√√¡ ‡¡◊Ë Õ‡°‘ ¥ ߧ√“¡‚≈°§√—È ß∑’Ë Ò ¡’ Õ“ “ ¡— §√‡ªì πæ≈∑À“√„π°Õß∑— æ∫° ‡¬Õ√¡π’ ª√– ∫°“√≥å „π°“√µà Õ Ÿâ Õ¬à “ß Àπ— °„π ߧ√“¡∑’Ë ¬“«π“π ∑”„Àâ ¡’ ¡’ §«“¡§‘ ¥∑“ߥ⠓π°“√‡¡◊ Õß·≈– — ߧ¡ √ÿ π·√ß·≈–°â “«Àπâ “ ·≈–‡¢â “‰ª√à «¡°≈ÿà ¡ °— ∫»‘ ≈ªî π ∂“ªπ‘ °·≈–π— °ÕÕ°·∫∫ ∑’Ë µà Õ Ÿâ ‡æ◊Ë Õ∫ÿ °‡∫‘ °·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥ √â “ß √√§å „À¡à ‚¥¬¡’ ‡ªì πºŸâ ®— ¥π‘ ∑√√»°“√¢Õß °≈ÿà ¡ æ‘ ¡æå ‡Õ° “√ª√–°“»Õÿ ¥¡°“√≥å ·≈– π— ∫ πÿ π°“√‡ß‘ π·≈–∫∑§«“¡·°à π‘ µ¬ “√ çGé (Gestaltung, Creative force) ·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥¢Õß¡’ ‡°’Ë ¬«°— ∫ Õ“§“√„π¬ÿ §ªØ‘ «— µ‘ Õÿ µ “À°√√¡π—È π · ¥ß∂÷ ß«‘ — ¬∑— »πå ∑’Ë ≈È ”¬ÿ §‡°’Ë ¬«°— ∫°“√ „™â «— ¥ÿ Õÿ µ “À°√√¡·≈–«‘ ∏’ °“√°à Õ √â “ß Õ“§“√ ´÷Ë ß‡¡◊Ë Õ‡ª√’ ¬∫‡∑’ ¬∫«à “¢â Õ§«“¡ ∑’Ë ¡’ ‡¢’ ¬π‰«â ‡¡◊Ë Õ §.». Ò˘ÚÙ ´÷Ë ß‡«≈“ ºà “π¡“·≈â «∂÷ ß ¯ ªï ¢â Õ§«“¡π—È π¢Õß ‡¢“°Á ¬— ßøí ߥŸ ‡ªì π·π«§«“¡§‘ ¥√à «¡ ¡— ¬ ·≈–«‘ ∏’ °“√°à Õ √â “ß„πªí ®®ÿ ∫— π* º≈ß“π™‘È π·√°∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ ¡’ ‡ªì π∑’Ë √Ÿâ ®— °Õ¬à “ß°«â “ߢ«“ߧ◊ Õ ß“πÕÕ°·∫∫ »“≈“‡¬Õ√¡π’ ∑’Ë √⠓ߢ÷È π„π∫√‘ ‡«≥ß“π · ¥ß ‘ π§â “π“π“™“µ‘ ‡¡◊Ë Õ §.». Ò˘Ú˘ ∑’Ë ‡¡◊ Õß∫“√å ‡´‚≈π“ (Barcelona) ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì πß“π ∂“ªí µ¬°√√¡∑’Ë ßà “ß“¡®“° §«“¡‡√’ ¬∫ßà “¬ „™â «— ¥ÿ πâ Õ¬™π‘ ¥·≈– °“√µ— ¥°— πÕ¬à “ßπà “ π„®¢Õß·ºà ππÕπ ·≈–·ºà πµ—È ß¢Õ߇楓π·≈–°”·æß ·µà πà “‡ ’ ¬¥“¬∑’Ë §.». Ò˘Ú˘ ‡ªì πªï ¢Õß çThe Wall Street Crashé ´÷Ë ß¡’ º≈ °√–∑∫Õ¬à “ß√ÿ π·√ßµà ÕÕÿ µ “À°√√¡ °“√°à Õ √â “ß ·µà ∂÷ ß°√–π—È π ¡’ °Á ¬— ß¡’ ß“πÕÕ°·∫∫∑’Ë ”§— ≠·≈–¬— ߉¥â √— ∫°“√ ·µà ßµ—È ß„Àâ ‡ªì πºŸâ Õ”π«¬°“√¢Õß ∂“∫— π ‡∫“‡Œ“ å (Bauhaus) µà Õ¡“Õ— ≈‡ø√¥ ‚√‡´π‡∫‘ √å ° (Alfred Rosenberg) ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π√— ∞¡πµ√’ «à “°“√°√–∑√«ß«— ≤π∏√√¡ ¢Õß√— ∞∫“≈Õ¥Õ≈å ø Œ‘ µ‡≈Õ√å (Adolf Hitler)‰¥â ‡√’ ¬°¡’ ‡¢â “‰ªæ∫‡æ◊Ë Õª√–≥“¡ ß“π ∂“ªí µ¬°√√¡π«¬ÿ § (Modern Architecture) «à “‡ªì π«— ≤π∏√√¡¢Õß æ«°∫Õ≈‡™«‘ § (Bolsheviks) (Kultur Bolshewismus) ´÷Ë ß°Á æÕ®–§“¥‡¥“‰¥â «à “ ¡’ °Á §ß®–‚µâ ‡∂’ ¬ßÕ¬à “ß·¢Á ß°√â “«‡™à π°— π ∂“∫— π‡∫“‡Œ“ å ®÷ ß∂Ÿ ° —Ë ßªî ¥∂“«√ „π §.». Ò˘Û¯ ¡’ ‰¥â Õæ¬æ¡“ Õ¬Ÿà „π À√— ∞Õ‡¡√‘ °“ ·≈–‰¥â √— ∫‡™‘ ≠„Àâ ‡ªì πºŸâ Õ”π«¬°“√§≥– ∂“ªí µ¬°√√¡ »“ µ√å ¢Õß ∂“∫— π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Õ‘ ≈≈‘ πÕ¬ å ™‘ §“‚° (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago) ·≈–‰¥â ÕÕ°·∫∫Õ“§“√À≈“¬ Õ“§“√„π ∂“∫— π √«¡∑—È ß‰¥â ÕÕ°·∫∫ Lake Shore Drive Apartment House, Chicago „π §.». Ò˘ıˆ ´÷Ë ß¡’ “¡“√∂ÕÕ°·∫∫„Àâ ¥Ÿ ®“°¿“¬πÕ°‡ªì 𠂧√ß √⠓߇À≈Á °∑—È ßÀ¡¥ ·µà ‡π◊Ë Õß®“° ‡∑»∫— ≠≠— µ‘ √–∫ÿ „Àâ ‡À≈Á °‚§√ß √â “ß®– µâ Õß¡’ «— ¥ÿ ∑π‰ø„Àâ √— °…“ ¡√√∂π–„π °“√√— ∫πÈ ”Àπ— °‡™à π‡¥‘ ¡Õ¬Ÿà ‰¥â ‰¡à πâ Õ¬°«à “ Ú ™—Ë «‚¡ß ”À√— ∫Õ“§“√ Ÿ ß ‡æ◊Ë Õ¡’ ‡«≈“ ∑’Ë ®–Õæ¬æºŸâ §πÕÕ°®“°Õ“§“√‰¥â Õ¬à “ß ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬ ‡À≈Á ° I beam ∑’Ë ‡ªì π‡ “ √— ∫πÈ ”Àπ— °¢ÕßÕ“§“√π’È ®÷ ßµâ ÕßÀÿâ ¡¥â «¬ §Õπ°√’ µ ·µà ¡’ °Á ‰¥â Àÿâ ¡§Õπ°√’ µ‡À≈à “ π—È π¥â «¬·ºà π‡À≈Á °Õ’ °™—È πÀπ÷Ë ß ´÷Ë ß∑”„Àâ ¥Ÿ ‡ªì πÕ“§“√‚§√ß √⠓߇À≈Á °∑—È ßÀ¡¥ ¡’ ºŸâ «‘ ®“√≥å «à “Õ“§“√π’È ¡‘ ‰¥â „™â À≈— °°“√ çless is moreé ·µà ‡ªì π çmore to look lessé ”À√— ∫¢â Õ ß — ¬¢Õßπ— °«‘ ®“√≥å ‡™à ππ’È ¡’ ‰¡à µÕ∫·≈–‰¡à Õ∏‘ ∫“¬ ß“π¢Õß¡’ ∑’Ë ‡ªì π ÿ ¥¬Õ¥¢Õß Õÿ ¥¡°“√≥å çless is moreé §◊ Õ∫â “π Farnsworth House, Chicago ¢Õß ¥√.‡Õ¥‘ ∑ø“√å 𠇫‘ √å ∑ (Dr. Edith Farns- worth) ∫π∑’Ë ¥‘ π™“π‡¡◊ Õß™‘ §“‚° „°≈â ·¡à πÈ ”øÕ°´å ´÷Ë ß¡’ µâ π‰¡â À≈“°æ— π∏ÿå ∑’Ë „𠃥Ÿ „∫‰¡â √à «ß‡ª≈’Ë ¬π„∫‡ªì π ’ µà “ß Ê Õ¬à “ß ß¥ß“¡ ‡ªì π∑’Ë µ—È ß„πÕÿ ¥¡§µ‘ ”À√— ∫∫â “π æ— ° ÿ ¥ — ª¥“Àå ∑’Ë ¡’ ÕÕ°·∫∫„Àâ ¡’ Àâ Õß ‡æ’ ¬ßÀâ Õ߇¥’ ¬«·µà ·∫à ߇ªì π à «πµà “ß Ê ∑’Ë ‰¡à ·¬°¢“¥®“°°— π ·≈–≈â Õ¡√Õ∫Àâ Õß Õ‡π°ª√– ߧå π’È ¥â «¬°√–®°∑—È ßÀ¡¥ ‡ªì πß“π ∂“ªí µ¬°√√¡∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ √≥å ·∫∫ ·µà ¢≥–‡¥’ ¬«°— π°Á ‡ªì πµ— «Õ¬à “ß„Àâ ‡ÀÁ π * çIndustrialisation of the process of construction is a question of new materials. Our first consideration therefore must be to find a new building material. Our technologists must and will succeed in inventing a material which can be industrially manufactured and processed and which will be weatherproof, soundproof and insulating. It must be a light material which not only permits but requires industrial production. All the parts will be made in the factory and the work at the site will consist only of assemblage, requiring extremely few man hours. This will greatly reduce building costs. Then the new architecture will come into its own. I am convinced that traditional methods of building will disappear. In case anyone regrets that the house of the future can no longer be made by hand workers, it should be borne in mind that the automobile is no longer manufactured by carriage makers.é Magazine G, No.3 (1924)