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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005 824 ®“°§«“¡√Ÿâ Ÿà °“√ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¢Õ߇ա‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ∂â “‡™à ππ—È π°Á À¡“¬§«“¡«à “ ‘Ë ß∑’Ë ‡√“ √Ÿâ ‰¥â ∑ÿ ° ‘Ë ß¬à Õ¡¡’ §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷ °·≈–§«“¡§‘ ¥ ¡‘ ©–π—È π®–‰¡à „™à ‘Ë ß‡À¡◊ Õπ ”À√— ∫§«“¡ §‘ ¥¢Õ߇√“∑’Ë ®–√Ÿâ ‰¥â ´÷Ë ß‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ °Á ‰¥â µÕ∫‰«â «à “‡ªì π‡™à ππ—È π ç®ß·πà „®‡∂‘ ¥ «à “∑ÿ ° ‘Ë ß∑ÿ °Õ¬à “ßπ—È π¡’ §«“¡‡¢â “„®·≈– ¡’ à «πÀπ÷Ë ß∑’Ë ‡ªì 𧫓¡§‘ ¥é Ù À“°¡’ Õ–‰√‡ª≈’Ë ¬π·ª≈߉ª„πµ— « ¡πÿ …¬å §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷ °°Á ®–‡ª≈’Ë ¬π‰ª¥â «¬ ‘Ë ß∑’Ë π„®√Ÿâ °Á ‡ª≈’Ë ¬π‰ª¥â «¬‚¥¬®”‡ªì π çÀ“°¡’ °“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬π„πµ— «√–À«à “ß°≈“ß «— 𠧫“¡§‘ ¥„𧫓¡Ωí π°≈“ߧ◊ π°Á ®– ‡ª≈’Ë ¬π‰ª¥â «¬é ı Û. Õ«— ¬«–√Ÿâ ¡’ √Ÿ √— ∫ ‘Ë ß‡À¡◊ Õπ‡æ◊Ë Õ √Ÿâ ‘Ë ßπ—È π ‡√◊Ë Õßπ’È ‡ªì π‡√◊Ë Õß∑’Ë §π‚∫√“≥ ∂°°— π¡“°„π«‘ ™“≠“≥«‘ ∑¬“ ·≈–¬◊ ¥‡¬◊È Õ µà Õ¡“µ≈Õ¥¬ÿ §°≈“ߥ⠫¬ ®÷ ߧ«√æ‘ ®“√≥“ „Àâ ∂à Õß·∑â ‡æ◊Ë Õª√–‚¬™πå „π°“√»÷ °…“ «‘ ™“≠“≥«‘ ∑¬“µà Õ‰ª Õ“√‘ ‚µ‡µ‘ ≈∫— π∑÷ °§” Õπ¢Õß ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ‰«â «à “ç∫“ߧπ‡™◊Ë Õ«à “∑ÿ ° ‘Ë ß ∂Ÿ °∑”°“√‚¥¬µ— «°“√ (µ— «„°≈â ∑’Ë ÿ ¥§◊ Õ µ— «∑”°“√‰¥â ®√‘ ß) ‚¥¬·∑√°‡¢â “‰ªµ“¡√Ÿ ¥â «¬°√√¡«‘ ∏’ π’È æ«°‡¢“‡™◊Ë Õ«à “ “¡“√∂ Õ∏‘ ∫“¬°“√‡ÀÁ π °“√‰¥â ¬‘ π·≈–º— –∑—È ß À≈“¬‰¥â ·≈â «¬— ßÕ∏‘ ¬“¬µà Õ‰ª¥â «¬«à “¢Õß ∫“ßÕ¬à “ß ¡Õ߇ÀÁ πºà “π¢Õß‚ª√à ß„ ‡™à π Õ“°“»·≈–πÈ ” ∑—È ßπ’È °Á ‡æ√“–Õ“°“»·≈– πÈ ”¡’ √Ÿ ‡≈Á °¡“°®π¡Õ߉¡à ‡ÀÁ π·≈–‡√’ ¬ß ™‘ ¥°— π®÷ ß¡Õ߉¡à ‡ÀÁ π ·µà √Ÿâ «à “¡’ ‡√“®÷ ߇√’ ¬° «à “‡ªì π ‘Ë ß‚ª√à ß„ ‘Ë ß„¥¬‘Ë ß„ √Ÿ ¬‘Ë ß™‘ ¥°— π (¢Õß∑’Ë ‡√“‡ÀÁ π «‘Ë ßºà “π‡¢â “√Ÿ ∑’Ë ¡Õ߉¡à ‡ÀÁ π ‡À≈à “π’È ‡¢â “¡“ — ¡º— ª√– “∑√— ∫√Ÿâ ¢Õ߇√“) ∫“ߧπ√«¡∑—È ß‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ‡Õߥ⠫¬ ª√–¬ÿ °µå ∑ƒ…Æ’ π’È „™â µà Õ‰ª°— ∫°“√Õ∏‘ ∫“¬ «— µ∂ÿ ∫“ßÕ¬à “ß ∑’Ë ‰¡à ‡æ’ ¬ß·µà ∑”°“√µà Õ °— π‡∑à “π—È π ·µà ¬— ß√«¡µ— «°— π‡¡◊Ë Õ√Ÿ µà Õ√Ÿ ¡’ ¢π“¥‡∑à “°— πæÕ¥’ é ˆ ∂â “‡™à ππ—È π«— µ∂ÿ ·Àà ß°“√√— ∫√Ÿâ ¢Õß ı ª√– “∑ ¡‘ ‡¢â “√Ÿ º‘ ¥ Ê ∂Ÿ ° Ê ∫â “ßÀ√◊ Õ ·≈–‡¡◊Ë Õ‡ªì π‡™à ππ—È π µ“°Á Õ“®®–‰¥â ¬‘ π ‡ ’ ¬ß‰¥â º‘ «°“¬Õ“®®–‡ÀÁ π ‰¥â ¬‘ π ‰¥â °≈‘Ë π œ≈œ ‰¥â ·µà ®√‘ ß Ê ‰¡à ‡ÀÁ π‡ªì π‡™à π π—È π ∑”‰¡‡≈à “ ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ §ß‰¥â ª√— ∫§«“¡ ‡¢â “„®‰«â ´÷Ë ß∏’ ‡ÕÕ·ø√ ‡∑‘ ‰¥â ∫— π∑÷ °‰«â „Àâ ‡√“√Ÿâ ‰¥â «à “ ç‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ Õ∏‘ ∫“¬ º— –¥â «¬À≈— °°“√‡¥’ ¬«°— π ‚¥¬°≈à “« «à “ °“√√— ∫√Ÿâ ‡°‘ ¥¢÷È π¥â «¬°√–∫«π°“√‡¢â “ √Ÿ æÕ¥’ Ê ¢Õß·µà ≈–Õ“¬µπ– ®÷ ߉¡à ¡’ °“√ √— ∫√Ÿâ º‘ ¥Õ“¬µπ– ‡æ√“–∂â “º‘ ¥Õ“¬µπ– °Á ®–‰¡à æÕ¥’ „À≠à ‰ª∫â “ß ‡≈Á °‰ª∫â “ß ∑’Ë ºà “π‰¥â °Á ‰¡à °√–™— ∫ ∑’Ë ºà “π‰¡à ‰¥â °Á ¡’ (®÷ ß ‰¡à ‡°‘ ¥°“√√— ∫√Ÿâ -ºŸâ ‡√’ ¬∫‡√’ ¬ß)é ˜ Ù. °“√ª≈à Õ¬ à «π®”≈Õß ‘Ë ß µà “ß Ê ª≈à Õ¬ à «π®”≈Õß (aporroa = effluence) ¢Õßµ— «‡Õß ÕÕ°√Õ∫µ— «µ≈Õ¥ ‡«≈“ ¡’ Õ¬Ÿà ı ™π‘ ¥∑’Ë ‡¢â “√Ÿ ª√– “∑ ı ™π‘ ¥ ‰¥â æÕ¥’ ‰¥â ·°à ¿“æ ‡ ’ ¬ß °≈‘Ë π √ ·≈–°“¬ — ¡º— — µ«å „¥¡’ ª√– “∑√— ∫√Ÿâ ∑’Ë ¡’ √Ÿ µ√ßæÕ¥’ °Á √— ∫√Ÿâ ‰¥â µ“¡§«“¡‡ªì π®√‘ ß °“√√— ∫√Ÿâ ‚¥¬ª√– “∑∑—È ß ı ®÷ ߇ªì 𧫓¡ √Ÿâ ®√‘ ß ·≈–°“√ª≈à Õ¬ à «π®”≈ÕßÕÕ°√Õ∫ µ— «µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“π’È ‡ªì 𠓇Àµÿ ·Àà ß°“√‡°à “ ·≈– ≈“¬µ— «∑’ ≈–πâ Õ¬ Ê ¯ ´÷Ë ß‡æ≈‚µ· ¥ß °“√√— ∫√Ÿâ „π∫∑ π∑π“ ¡’ ‚π«å Ù DK 31B 110. çFor all things, be sured, have intelligence and a portion of thought.é ı DK 31B 108. çIn so far as their natures have changed (during the day) , so does it befall men to think changed thoughts (in their dreams) .é ˆ Aristotle, Generation and Corruption, 324 b 25. çSome believe that everything is acted on by the agent (that is the proximate agent which is most properly so called) entering it through certain pores, and this they claim is the explanation of sight and hearing and all our other senses; further that things are seen through transparent bodies like air and water because such bodies have pores too small to be seen but arranged in close-packed rows, and the more transparent a body is, the closer are the pores. Some, of whom Empedocles was one, advanced this theory in respect of certain bodies _ not only those which act and are acted on, but they also say that mixture takes place between bodies whose pores match each other in size. ˜ Theophrastus, On the Senses, 7. çEmpedocles explains all the senses on the same lines, saying that sensation takes place by a process of fitting into the pores of each organ. This is why they cannot distinguish each otherûs objects : some have pores too wide, others too narrow for the sense-object. So that some pass through without making contact while others cannot enter at all.é ¯ ¥Ÿ Plutarch, Natural Questions, 916 d. ç∑à “π‡ÀÁ π¥â «¬°— ∫‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ „™à ‰À¡«à “ à «π®”≈ÕßÕÕ°®“° ‘Ë ß∑’Ë ¡’ Õ¬Ÿà ·πà πÕπ