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«“√ “√ √“™∫— ≥±‘ µ¬ ∂“π ªï ∑’Ë ÛÒ ©∫— ∫∑’Ë Ò ¡.§.-¡’ .§. ÚıÙ˘ °’ √µ‘ ∫ÿ ≠‡®◊ Õ 185 ∫— π∑÷ °¥â «¬«à “§π — µ«å µâ π‰¡â ‡ªì π ¡‘ µ√°— πÕ¬à “ß¥’ ç·≈– √√æ — µ«å ∑—È ß À≈“¬ ‰¡à «à “®µÿ ∫“∑·≈–∑«‘ ∫“∑ ≈â «π ·µà ‡™◊Ë Õ߇Փ„®¡πÿ …¬å §π°— ∫ — µ«å ‡ªì π ¡‘ µ√°— πÕ¬à “ß¥’ é Ú çµâ π¡’ „∫·≈–º≈µ≈Õ¥ªï º≈¥° ¡Ë ”‡ ¡Õ∑—È ßªï ‡æ√“–Õ“°“»¥’ é Û À¡“¬§«“¡«à “ „π ¿“æ‡™à ππ’È æ≈— ß√— °·≈–æ≈— ߇°≈’ ¬¥¡’ ∫∑∫“∑„π Õ— µ√“ à «πæÕ¥’ À“°æ≈— ß√— °‡ ’ ¬Õ— µ√“ à «π‰ª °‘ ‡≈ ®–‡°‘ ¥¢÷È π À“°æ≈— ß√— ° ‰¥â Õ— µ√“ à «π¡“°¢÷È π™’ «‘ µ∑—È ßÀ≈“¬®– ≈“¬µ— «‡ªì π∏“µÿ Ù √«¡µ— « ¢≥–∑’Ë æ≈— ߇°≈’ ¬¥¡’ Õ— µ√“ à «π‡°‘ πæÕ¥’ §π — µ«å ·≈–æ◊ ™¡’ °‘ ‡≈ ‡æ‘Ë ¡¢÷È πµ“¡ à «π °“√‡ÀÁ π·°à µ— «æÕ°æŸ π¢÷È π °≈“¬‡ªì π »— µ√Ÿ °— π °‘ π°— π·≈–°— π ¥— ߧ”¬◊ π¬— π ¢Õ߇Շ√‘ ∑“‡∑≈«à “ 絓¡∑’Ë ‡Õ¡‡æ- ‡¥Õ§≈‘ Àâ “¡°“√¶à “ — µ«å ‰¡à „™à «à “ ∫“ß™π‘ ¥¶à “‰¥â ∫“ß™π‘ ¥¶à “‰¡à ‰¥â ‡¢“ °≈à “««à “ ù·µà ∑«à “°Æπ’È §√Õ∫§≈ÿ ¡∑—Ë « Õ“≥“∫√‘ ‡«≥∑’Ë ¡’ ∏“µÿ ≈¡§√Õ∫§≈ÿ ¡ Õ¬Ÿà Õ¬à “ß°«â “ß„À≠à ‰æ»“≈ ·≈–∑—Ë « Õ“≥“∫√‘ ‡«≥Õ— π‰¡à ¡’ ¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß · ß «à “ß û é Ù Õ¬à “ß‰√°Á µ“¡ ·¡â °‘ ‡≈ ®–‡ªì 𠉪µ“¡«— Ø®— °√¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·µà „π ‡¡◊Ë Õ¡πÿ …¬å ¡’ ªí ≠≠“√Ÿâ º‘ ¥∂Ÿ °¥’ ™—Ë « °“√ ª≈à Õ¬µ— «∑”µ“¡°‘ ‡≈ ¬à Õ¡‡ªì π∫“ª ‡ ¡Õ ´÷Ë ß‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ‡Õß°Á “√¿“æ «à “ µπ‡§¬°√–∑”∫“ª¥— ß°≈à “« ·≈– ”π÷ °º‘ ¥ ®÷ ß “¡“√∂Ωó π°‘ ‡≈ ‡æ◊Ë Õ ™”√–®‘ µ„®„Àâ ∫√‘ ÿ ∑∏‘Ï ‰¥â ı °“√‡«’ ¬π«à “¬µ“¬‡°‘ ¥ ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ · ¥ß§«“¡‡™◊Ë Õ „π°“√‡«’ ¬π«à “¬µ“¬‡°‘ ¥Õ¬à “ß™— ¥‡®π „π »π. ÒÒ˜ ˆ ‘Ë ß¡’ ™’ «‘ µ∑—È ßÀ≈“¬¡’ «‘ ≠≠“≥‡«’ ¬π«à “¬µ“¬‡°‘ ¥„π√–¥— ∫ µà “ß Ê ¢Õß™’ «‘ µµ“¡∫ÿ ≠À√◊ Õ∫“ª∑’Ë ‰¥â °√–∑” °“√™”√–®‘ µ„®„Àâ ∫√‘ ÿ ∑∏‘Ï ®“°∫“ª°Á §◊ Õ‰¥â ∫ÿ ≠π—Ë π‡Õß æ◊ ™°Á ¡’ À≈“¬√–¥— ∫ — µ«å °Á ¡’ À≈“¬√–¥— ∫ ¡πÿ …¬å °Á ¡’ À≈“¬√–¥— ∫ ·≈–‡∑æ°Á ¡’ À≈“¬√–¥— ∫ ˜ √–¥— ∫‡∑懪ì π ¿“ææ÷ ߪ√“√∂π“ ¢Õß¡πÿ …¬å ºŸâ „™â ‡Àµÿ º≈ ç‡æ√“–‰¥â ¡’ à «π√à «¡„π§√Õ∫§√— «¢Õ߇∑扡à √Ÿâ µ“¬ √à «¡‚µä –Õ“À“√ À¡¥∑ÿ °¢å ¬“°µ“¡ ª√– “¡πÿ …¬å ‰¡à ‡ ◊Ë Õ¡∂Õ¬Õ’ °µà Õ ‰ªé ¯ ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ¡—Ë π„®«à “µπ‰¥â Ωó π°‘ ‡≈ ·≈–‰¥â ™”√–«‘ ≠≠“≥ Ÿà ¿“æ ∫√‘ ÿ ∑∏‘Ï ·≈â « ¡—Ë π„®«à “µ“¬‰ª‡¡◊Ë Õ‰√®– ‰¥â ‡ªì π‡∑æ ç¢â “懮⠓‡ªì π‡∑溟⠉¡à √Ÿâ µ“¬·≈â «‰¡à „™à ¡πÿ …¬å ºŸâ √Ÿâ µ“¬Õ’ °·≈â «é ˘ ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ · ¥ß§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷ ° ¬°¬à Õß∫ÿ §§≈Àπ÷Ë ß«à “‡ªì πºŸâ ∫√‘ ÿ ∑∏‘Ï ·≈–‰¥â ∑”¥’ – ¡‰«â §«√ √√‡ √‘ ≠ ´÷Ë ß °Ÿ ∏√’ ‡™◊Ë Õ«à “À¡“¬∂÷ ߉æ·∏‡°Õ‡√‘ Ò ç¡’ Õ¬Ÿà §πÀπ÷Ë ß∑’Ë ¡’ §«“¡√Ÿâ ‡Àπ◊ Õ ∑ÿ °§π ‡¢“‰¥â – ¡∑√— æ¬å ‘ π∑“ß ªí ≠≠“‰«â °Õß‚µ∑’Ë ÿ ¥ ‡™’Ë ¬«™“≠ „π°‘ ®°√√¡µà “ß Ê ∑ÿ °Õ¬à “ß À“°‡¢“ ‰¥â · ¥ßªí ≠≠“∑—È ßÀ¡¥‡¡◊Ë Õ„¥‡¢“ “¡“√∂‡®“–≈÷ °·µà ≈–‡√◊Ë Õ߉¥â Õ¬à “ß ™— ¥‡®π √“«°— ∫«à “‰¥â „™â ™’ «‘ µ∂÷ ß Ò À√◊ Õ·¡â ·µà Ú ‡∑à “ ¢Õß™—Ë «™’ «‘ µ ¡πÿ …¬å é ÒÒ Ú DK 31B130 çAnd all creatures, both animals and birds, were tame and gentle towards men, and friendliness glowed between them. Û DK 31B77, 78. ç (Trees) retentive of their leaves and retentive of their fruit, flourish with abundanace of fruit all the year round, in accordance with the Air (i.e. Vapour, Moisture, in their composition) . ‡∑’ ¬∫ Homer, Odyssey , 7.114-9. Ù DK 31B135. Õâ “ßÕ‘ ß„π Aristotle, Rhetoric 137 3 b6 ç...as Empedocles says about not taking life. It is not, he says right for some and wrong for others, çBut that which is lawful for all extends continuously through the broad - ruling Air and through the boundless Light.é ı ¥Ÿ »π. ÒÛˆ, ÒÛ˜, ÒÛ˘. ˆ ¥Ÿ «“√ “√√“™∫— ≥±‘ µ¬ ∂“π ªï ∑’Ë Û ©∫— ∫ Û Àπâ “ ¯ÚÛ-¯Ú˘. ˜ µ“¡ »π. ÒÚ˜, ÒÙˆ. ¯ DK 31B147. çSharing the hearth of the other immortals, sharing the same table, freed from the lot of human griefs, indestructible.é ˘ DK 31B112.4 ç...as an immortal god, no longer a mortal.é Ò ¥Ÿ Guthrie, ibid., p.251. ÒÒ DK 31B124. çThere was living among them a man of surpassing knowledge, who had acquired the extremest wealth of the intellect, one expert in every kind of skilled activity. For whenever he reached out with his whole intellect, he easily discerned each one of existing things, in ten and even twenty lifetimes of mankind,é