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«“√ “√ √“™∫— ≥±‘ µ¬ ∂“π Nitaya Kanchanawan 833 ªï ∑’Ë ÛÒ ©∫— ∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ˘ bibliographies, catalogues, indexes, etc. It is essential to create an environment for the univocal transmission of written messages between two countries using com- pletely different writing systems. 2. Conversion Methods for Writing Systems There are two basic conver- sion methods for writing systems and they are transliteration and transcription. 2.1 Transliteration is the process which consists of re- presenting the characters of an alphabetical or syllabic system of writing by using the characters of a conversion alphabet. The use of a conversion alphabet is the easiest way to ensure the complete and unambiguous reversibility of the conversion alphabet into the converted system. In exceptional cases, e.g. when the number of characters used in the conversion system is smaller than the number of characters of the original writing system, it is often necessary to use digraphs or diacritical marks to close the gap. In this case, one must avoid as far as possible arbitrary choice and the use of purely conventional marks, and try to maintain a certain phonetic logic in order to give the system a wide acceptance. However, it must be accepted that the graphism employed may not always produce correct pro- nunciation due to the individual phonetic habits of the language (or languages) which usually use the conversion alphabet. On the other hand, this graphism must be such that the reader who has a knowledge of the original language may mentally restore unequivo- cally the original graphism and thus pronounce it correctly. 2.2 Transcription is the process whereby the sounds of a given language are represented by a system of signs contained in a conversion language. A transcription system is of necessity based on the orthogra- phical conventions of the conver- sion language. Transcription is not strictly reversible. Various transcription systems may be employed for the conver- sion of all writing systems. It is the only method that can be used for systems that are not entirely alphabetical or syllabic, and for all ideophonographical systems of writing such as Chinese. 2.3 Romanization is the process whereby a non-Latin writing systems is converted to the Latin alphabet. In doing so either transliteration or transcrip- tion or a combination of the two systems may be used depending on the nature of the converted system and the desired objectives. 2.4 Regarding the use of the Latin alphabet for the represen- tation of the Thai language, there are four different systems used to transcribe: King Rama VI system (in which the Pali and Sanskrit written forms are retained), trans- cription system, and the Romaniza- tion and Anglicization systems. 2.4.1 King Rama VI System (1913) With the introduction of the family name system in 1913 by King Rama VI, a conversion system from the Thai script to the Latin alphabet was developed whereby the written forms of Pali and Sanskrit were retained. Thai Consonant Pali and Sanskrit Thai Pronunciation ° K K ¢ Kh Kh § G Q ¶ Gh Gh ß N (or ng) ng ® Ch Ch