59-05-032 Proceeding

32 Proceedings of the Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Congress Among major carbon reduction opportunities like forestry management to halt deforestation and reforestation, as well as consumer behavior changes, energy efficiency measures, including efficiency improvements in lighting, motor systems, residential HAVC, etc., represent the highest carbon reduction potential at least cost occurring before the global emission peak load. Low-carbon energy sources, including hydro, solar, wind, etc., represent the second highest reduction potential towards net zero carbon emission, which indicates a major shift in global energy supply. With strong growth projections from Asia developing countries, EE and RE constitute the two pillars for carbon mitigation that shape their future sustainable development pathways. As discussed in the section above, the demand side could also be reduced through new and improved technologies, where useful energy could be derived with less primary fuel, e.g., in improved combustion processes or where waste materials or waste heat could be utilized better. These are discussed in Energy Efficiency. On the other side of the balance are new sources of energy, preferably renewable sources, such as solar PV or concentrated solar, wind, and hydro power for electricity generation. But, here note that these sources are subject to: • geography (including land availability) • latitude (e.g., the tropics have been infamous for doldrums in literature (NASA, n.d.; Jacobs, F., n.d.), and thus have lower wind speeds than temperate zones, such as the US and Europe, where wind power use is increasing (IRENA, 2013)), and Figure 3 Capital Intensity and Abatement Cost